1. Hekking PW, Wener RR, Amelink M, Zwinderman AH, Bouvy ML, Bel EH. The prevalence of severe refractory asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;135:896–902.
2. van Boven JF, Lavorini F, Agh T, Sadatsafavi M, Patino O, Muresan B. Cost-effectiveness and impact on health care utilization of interventions to improve medication adherence and outcomes in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic literature review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2024;12:1228–1243.
4. Global Initiative for Asthma. 2024 GINA main report: Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Accessed on July 12, 2024.
https://ginasthma.org/2024-report/
5. Israel E, Reddel HK. Severe and difficult-to-treat asthma in adults. N Engl J Med 2017;377:965–976.
6. Sullivan PW, Ghushchyan VH, Globe G, Schatz M. Oral corticosteroid exposure and adverse effects in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018;141:110–116.
8. Lee H, Ryu J, Nam E, et al. Increased mortality in patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma: a nationwide population-based study. Eur Respir J 2019;54:1900804.
9. Ramonell RP, Gauthier MC, Ray A, Wenzel SE. Biologic medications for severe asthma: implications for understanding pathogenic heterogeneity and endotypes. Annu Rev Med 2025;76:339–355.
11. Shah PA, Brightling C. Biologics for severe asthma: which, when and why? Respirology 2023;28:709–721.
13. The Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology (KAAACI). Korean guideline for asthma 2021. KAAACI; 2021.
15. Kim S. Treatment of asthma and eosinophilic allergic diseases using biological products. J Korean Med Assoc 2023;66:523–531.
23. American Thoracic Society. Proceedings of the ATS workshop on refractory asthma: current understanding, recommendations, and unanswered questions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:2341–2351.
24. Ottesen TG, Rovsing AH, Ulrik CS. Local and systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids: does ciclesonide differ from other inhaled corticosteroids? Respir Med 2025;238:107962.
26. Casale TB, Foggs MB, Balkissoon RC. Optimizing asthma management: role of long-acting muscarinic antagonists. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022;150:557–568.
27. Papi A, Fabbri LM, Kerstjens HA, Rogliani P, Watz H, Singh D. Inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists in asthma: a narrative review. Eur J Intern Med 2021;85:14–22.
28. Rogliani P, Ritondo BL, Calzetta L. Triple therapy in uncontrolled asthma: a network meta-analysis of phase III studies. Eur Respir J 2021;58:2004233.
29. Muiser S, Gosens R, van den Berge M, Kerstjens HA. Understanding the role of long-acting muscarinic antagonists in asthma treatment. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022;128:352–360.
31. Trinh HK, Lee SH, Cao TB, Park HS. Asthma pharmacotherapy: an update on leukotriene treatments. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019;13:1169–1178.
33. Shim JS, Kim MH, Kim MH, Cho YJ, Chun EM. Risk of neuropsychiatric diseases according to the use of a leukotriene receptor antagonist in middle-aged and older adults with asthma: a nationwide population-based study using health claims data in Korea. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021;9:4290–4297.
34. Bai L, Xu Y, Pan T, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Xu J. Leukotriene receptor antagonists and risk of neuropsychiatric entities: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2023;11:844–854.
36. Gibson PG, Yang IA, Upham JW, et al. Effect of azithromycin on asthma exacerbations and quality of life in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma (AMAZES): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2017;390:659–668.
37. Johnston SL, Szigeti M, Cross M, et al. Azithromycin for acute exacerbations of asthma : the AZALEA randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176:1630–1637.
39. The Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Asthma and allergic diseases. 3rd ed. Yeomungak Publishing; 2023.
40. Humbert M, Busse W, Hanania NA, et al. Omalizumab in asthma: an update on recent developments. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2014;2:525–536.
41. Hanania NA, Wenzel S, Rosén K, et al. Exploring the effects of omalizumab in allergic asthma: an analysis of biomarkers in the EXTRA study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;187:804–811.
42. Bel EH, Wenzel SE, Thompson PJ, et al. Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1189–1197.
43. Castro M, Zangrilli J, Wechsler ME, et al. Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet Respir Med 2015;3:355–366.
44. Bleecker ER, FitzGerald JM, Chanez P, et al. Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2-agonists (SIROCCO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2016;388:2115–2127.
45. Wechsler ME, Ford LB, Maspero JF, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of dupilumab in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma (TRAVERSE): an open-label extension study. Lancet Respir Med 2022;10:11–25.
46. Menzies-Gow A, Corren J, Bourdin A, et al. Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med 2021;384:1800–1809.
47. Kim JH, Kang N, Kang SY, et al. Expert consensus on oral corticosteroid use and tapering in severe asthma management. Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2025;13:12–21.
48. Al Efraij K, Johnson KM, Wiebe D, Sadatsafavi M, FitzGerald JM. A systematic review of the adverse events and economic impact associated with oral corticosteroids in asthma. J Asthma 2019;56:1334–1346.